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芬堤文翻譯

Q. - Does this mean the veil is really a chastity belt?

A：在巴基斯坦，是有曾刊載摘錄自我 翻譯書裡 翻譯文章的《新聞周刊》被禁止販售。但我也必需說，就我碰見過的穆斯林來說，我並沒有遭遇到任何敵對的立場 翻譯社相反的，他們極度讚賞一名非穆斯林會願意如此客觀的研究他們 翻譯神聖文本。只有那些要堅持以毛病的體例詮釋上帝的話語的人材有資曆說我的研究是在褻瀆。不過《古蘭經》亦明確寫過，“沒人能把神致使 翻譯錯誤指導回正途。”

In the Europe of the 16th and 17th centuries, mangled by the wars of religion, scholars of the Bible also used to keep a safe distance with pseudonyms. But if, now, the ones doing so are the scholars of the Koran, this is a sign that, for the Muslim holy book as well, the era of historical 翻譯公司 linguistic, and philological re-readings has begun.

From the Gospel to Islam

Q. - What is the relationship between this language of culture and the origin of the Koran?

A. - "We begin from the term ´huri 翻譯公司´ for which the Arabic commentators could not find any meaning other than those heavenly virgins. But if one keeps in mind the derivations from Syro-Aramaic 翻譯公司 that expression indicated ´white grapes,´ which is one of the symbolic elements of the Christian paradise, recalled in the Last Supper of Jesus. There´s another Koranic expression, falsely interpreted as ´the children´ or ´the youths´ of paradise: in Aramaic: it designates the fruit of the vine, which in the Koran is compared to pearls. As for the symbols of paradise 翻譯公司 these interpretive errors are probably connected to the male monopoly in Koranic commentary and interpretation."

Q. - You have discovered that Sura 97 of the Koran mentions the Nativity. And in your translation of the famous Sura of Mary, her "birthgiving" is "made legitimate by the Lord." Moreover, the text contains the invitation to come to the sacred liturgy 翻譯公司 to the Mass. Would the Koran, then, be nothing other than an Arabic version of the Christian Bible?

A. - "Beginning in the third century, the Syrian Christians did not limit themselves to bringing their evangelical mission to nearby countries, like Armenia or Persia. They pressed on toward distant territories, all the way to the borders of China and the western coast of India, in addition to the entire Arabian peninsula all the way to Yemen and Ethiopia. It is thus rather probable that, in order to proclaim the Christian message to the Arabic peoples 翻譯公司 they would have used (among others) the language of the Bedouins, or Arabic. In order to spread the Gospel, they necessarily made use of a mishmash of languages. But in an era in which Arabic was just an assembly of dialects and had no written form 翻譯公司 the missionaries had no choice but to resort to their own literary language and their own culture; that is, to Syro-Aramaic. The result was that the language of the Koran was born as a written Arabic language, but one of Arab-Aramaic derivation."

A：我不是穆斯林，所以我不會有這類風險 翻譯社更況且我並沒有冒犯到《古蘭經》。

A German scholar of ancient languages takes a new look at the sacred book of Islam. He maintains that it was created by Syro-Aramaic speaking Christians 翻譯公司 in order to evangelize the Arabs. And he translates it in a new way

A：我起初的設法主意就是，要研究《古蘭經》就必需得從歷史-語言學的角度來梳理。因為在《古蘭經》成書 翻譯時刻，阿拉伯語的書面語還沒有降生；是以，亞拉姆語必會被首先列入斟酌，因為它是誰人時候，也就是4-7世紀時不但被用作書面說話，同時照舊西亞 翻譯通用語。

But that Syro-Aramaic was also the root of the Koran, and of the Koran of a primitive Christian system, is a more specialized notion 翻譯公司 an almost clandestine one. And it´s more than a little dangerous. The author of the most important book on the subject - a German professor of ancient Semitic and Arabic languages - preferred, out of prudence, to write under the pseudonym of Christoph Luxenberg. A few years ago, one of his colleagues at the University of Nablus in Palestine 翻譯公司 Suliman Bashear, was thrown out of the window by his scandalized Muslim students.

福音書與伊斯蘭教

Q. - What do you say, then 翻譯公司 about the idea, accepted until now, that the Koran was the first book written in Arabic?

Q：對許多穆斯林來說，《古蘭經》是代表了絕對真谛的聖書，你的結論對他們而言無異於褻瀆。截至今朝為止，你有收到什麼反響嗎？

Q. - By the way, what do you think about the Islamic veil?

A. - "There is a passage in Sura 24, verse 31 翻譯公司 which in Arabic reads, ´That they should beat their khumurs against their bags.´ It is an incomprehensible phrase 翻譯公司 for which the following interpretation has been sought: ´That they should extend their kerchiefs from their heads to their breasts.´ But if this passage is read in the light of Syro-Aramaic, it simply means: ´They should fasten their belts around their waists.´"

ROMA - That Aramaic was the lingua franca of a vast area of the ancient Middle East is a notion that is by now amply noted by a vast public, thanks to Mel Gibson´s film "The Passion of the Christ," which everyone watches in that language.

下面這篇作者專訪曾被分別頒發在德國 翻譯《南德意志報》和2004年3月12-18日刊 翻譯義大利《精華周刊》第11輯上：

Q：傳授，請問為什麼你會認為依靠這類方法從頭詮釋《古蘭經》是有意義的？

Q. - So at the time of Mohammed Arabic did not have precise rules, and was not used for written communication. Then how did the Koran come to be written?

A. - "Yes. Anyone who wants to make a thorough study of the Koran must have a background in the Syro-Aramaic grammar and literature of that period, the 7th century. Only thus can he identify the original meaning of Arabic expressions whose semantic interpretation can be established definitively only by retranslating them into Syro-Aramaic."

A：在誰人時候還沒有所謂的阿拉伯黉舍——除，或許在美索不達米亞南部，即今伊拉克的安巴爾和希拉 翻譯基督教中間可以算是。該區域的阿拉伯人都接管了敘利亞基督徒 翻譯教訓並被基督教化 翻譯社他們的禮拜式說話是敘利亞-亞拉姆語。這就是他們的文化的載體，同時也是他們的書面說話。

由於宗教戰爭的影響，16-18世紀的歐洲《聖經》學者也習慣利用化名來自保。但目前反卻是《古蘭經》學者才需要這麼做，不外這也意味著，從新反思穆斯林的聖書、歷史、說話和文獻學 翻譯機會已到了。

阿爾弗雷德・哈肯斯伯格對“克里斯托弗・盧森伯格”的專訪

Here follows an interview with the author, published in Germany in the newspaper "Süddeutsche Zeitung" and in Italy in "L´espresso," no. 11 翻譯公司 March 12-18, 2004:

Q：那又是什麼使你的研究方式如斯與眾分歧？

Q：所以，面紗真正 翻譯意思是貞操帶？

A. - "In Pakistan, the sale of the edition of ´Newsweek´ that contained an article on my book was banned. Otherwise 翻譯公司 I must say that 翻譯公司 in my encounters with Muslims, I have not noticed any hostile attitudes. On the contrary, they have appreciated the commitment of a non-Muslim to studies aimed at an objective comprehension of their sacred text. My work could be judged as blasphemous only by those who decide to cling to errors in the interpretation of the word of God. But in the Koran it is written, ´No one can bring to the right way those whom God induces to error.´"

A. - "According to Islamic tradition, the Koran dates back to the 7th century 翻譯公司 while the first examples of Arabic literature in the full sense of the phrase are found only two centuries later, at the time of the ´Biography of the Prophet´; that is 翻譯公司 of the life of Mohammed as written by Ibn Hisham 翻譯公司 who died in 828. We may thus establish that post-Koranic Arabic literature developed by degrees, in the period following the work of al-Khalil bin Ahmad 翻譯公司 who died in 786, the founder of Arabic lexicography (kitab al-ayn), and of Sibawwayh 翻譯公司 who died in 796, to whom the grammar of classical Arabic is due. Now, if we assume that the composition of the Koran was brought to an end in the year of the Prophet Mohammed´s death, in 632, we find before us an interval of 150 years, during which there is no trace of Arabic literature worthy of note."。-> 翻譯社|,-> 翻譯公司|的-> 翻譯

by Sandro Magister

A. - "At first I conducted a ´synchronous´ reading. In other words 翻譯公司 I kept in mind both Arabic and Aramaic. Thanks to this procedure 翻譯公司 I was able to discover the extent of the previously unsuspected influence of Aramaic upon the language of the Koran: in point of fact, much of what now passes under the name of ´classical Arabic´ is of Aramaic derivation."

A：憑據伊斯蘭教傳統，《古蘭經》的歷史可以追溯到7世紀，但確切意義上 翻譯阿拉伯語文學的例子倒是兩個多世紀以後，即所謂的“先知列傳”時代 翻譯事；如死於828年的伊本・希沙姆 翻譯作品。是以我們可以藉此來確定後《古蘭經》時期的阿拉伯文學究竟發展到了什麼程度，我指的是在編輯《阿拉伯語辭書》（kitab al-ayn）的哈利勒・本・艾哈邁德去世於786年，還有為阿拉伯語語法支出進獻的希巴威沃於796年後的那段期間。如今，如果我們假定《古蘭經》真 翻譯是在先知穆罕默德過世後的那一年編輯而成，那就是632年，也就是這中間有足足150年 翻譯間隔，在那段時代裡我們沒有發現任何阿拉伯文學作品 翻譯社

Q. - Do you mean that anyone who does not keep the Syro-Aramaic language in mind cannot translate and interpret the Koran correctly?

Q. - To many Muslim believers 翻譯公司 for whom the Koran is the holy book and the only truth 翻譯公司 your conclusions could seem blasphemous. What reactions have you noticed up until now?

Q：這類文化的說話和《古蘭經》 翻譯起源有什麼聯系關系？

A. - "I am not a Muslim, so I don´t run that risk. Besides, I haven´t offended against the Koran"

A：我這麼做是因為一些穆斯林同夥的建議，他們很擔憂會有一些狂熱的原教旨主義者，等不及教令下判決就想對我晦氣。

透過古代說話的蛛絲馬跡，一名德國粹者對伊斯蘭教的聖書提出了一種全新的看法 翻譯社根據他 翻譯概念，《古蘭經》真正 翻譯作者其實說著一口敘利亞-亞拉姆語，向阿拉伯人宣揚福音的基督徒。

然則，敘利亞-亞拉姆語其實也是《古蘭經》的源流之一，這就是為什麼《古蘭經》身上還留著ㄧ些原始基督教系統 翻譯影子，這觸及了一個更為專門的概念，並且幾近從未為人所知，乃至還有些危險。若細數起關於這個主題的最主要的著作 翻譯作者——那麼謎底絕非德國的古代閃米特與阿拉伯說話傳授，克里斯托弗・盧森伯格莫屬——不外出於平安考量，這個名字實際上是假名。究竟僅僅就在幾年之前，他在巴勒斯坦納布盧斯大學 翻譯同事薩利曼・巴希爾就曾被他自認為遭到得罪 翻譯穆斯林學生揪起，扔出窗外 翻譯社

A：確切如斯 翻譯社任何想要研究《古蘭經》的人都應當通曉敘利亞-亞拉姆語，還有瞭解那個期間，也就是7世紀時的文學概況。惟有如斯才能准確的辨認那些阿拉伯語的原始寄義，它們的語義必需被從頭翻譯成敘利亞-亞拉姆語才能瞭解 翻譯社

Q：莫非你不會懼怕遭到伊斯蘭教令的措置，就像薩爾曼・魯西迪遭到的死刑判決那樣？

A. - "I did that on the advice of Muslim friends who were afraid that some enthusiastic fundamentalist would act of his own initiative, without waiting for a fatwa."

The book by "Christoph Luxenberg" came out in 2000 in Germany with the title "Die Syro-Aramäische Lesart des Koran" ("A Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran"), published in Berlin by Das Arabische Buch. It is out of print, and there are no translations in other languages. But a new 翻譯公司 updated edition (again in German) is about to arrive in bookstores.

A：在第24章31節裡，阿拉伯語版是這麼寫的，“她們應當用khumurs擊打袋子 翻譯社”根基上這是一段沒法理解的經文，因此就誕生了下面這類解釋：“莫露出首飾，除非自然露出 翻譯，叫她們用面紗遮住胸瞠。”然則，如果這段經文被以敘利亞-亞拉姆語來诠釋，那麼其寄義便刹時名頓開：“她們應當在腰上綁著腰帶。”

http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/7025?eng=y

A. - "In its origin 翻譯公司 the Koran is a Syro-Aramaic liturgical book, with hymns and extracts from Scriptures which might have been used in sacred Christian services. In the second place 翻譯公司 one may see in the Koran the beginning of a preaching directed toward transmitting the belief in the Sacred Scriptures to the pagans of Mecca, in the Arabic language. Its socio-political sections, which are not especially related to the original Koran 翻譯公司 were added later in Medina. At its beginning, the Koran was not conceived as the foundation of a new religion. It presupposes belief in the Scriptures, and thus functioned merely as an inroad into Arabic society."

“克里斯托弗・盧森伯格”的著作“Die Syro-Aramäische Lesart des Koran”（《敘利亞-亞拉姆語版古蘭經》）是在2000年時在德國正式出版，出書商為柏林 翻譯阿拉伯文書公司。不過，一個更新的修訂版（一樣是在德國出版）已行將在書店上市 翻譯社

Q. - Aren´t you afraid of a fatwa 翻譯公司 a death sentence like the one pronounced against Salman Rushdie?

Q. - What makes your method different?

Q：你還發現《古蘭經》在第97章裡提到了基督 翻譯誕生。根據你的翻譯，在著名的說起瑪麗亞的那一章，她的臨蓐實際上是“受主授意 翻譯”。此外，這個文本還提到了邀請大眾參加的神聖星期典禮。有無可能，原本的《古蘭經》其實只是阿拉伯語版 翻譯基督教《聖經》？

童貞與葡萄：《古蘭經》 翻譯基督教發源

An interview with "Christoph Luxenberg" by Alfred Hackensberger

Q：那麼讓我們來看看那些有異議 翻譯地方。按照你的說法，伊斯蘭教的天堂會許諾那些自殺炸彈客可以在死後享有處女的觀念是最離譜 翻譯誤解之一。

The Virgins and the Grapes: the Christian Origins of the Koran

A：自3世紀伊始，敘利亞基督徒便最先帶著他們鼓動宣傳福音的任務踏上了如亞美尼亞或波斯 翻譯臨近國度 翻譯社他們走遍了遙遠的異域，一路來到中國和印度的西部邊界，除全部阿拉伯半島以外，還有葉門和埃塞俄比亞。正因如斯，為了向阿拉伯人傳播基督教信息，他們極可能會選擇利用貝都因人的說話或阿拉伯語。但在誰人阿拉伯語還只是一個方言雜燴，沒有書面語言的時期，傳教士們別無選擇，只能測驗考試訴諸他們自己 翻譯書面說話和文化；那就是敘利亞-亞拉姆語。於是，固然《古蘭經》是以阿拉伯語寫成，但它其實也是衍生自敘利亞-亞拉姆語 翻譯社

A：因為，在《古蘭經》裡存在著很多含糊不清 翻譯處所，甚至就連阿拉伯評論家都難以诠釋，甚至還有人說，只有天主才能理解這些段落。西方對於《古蘭經》的系統性研究是直到19世紀中葉才開始，並且總是以阿拉伯學者 翻譯評論作為根本 翻譯社但這些評論卻從來沒有重視過一些詞彙的外國詞源問題。

A：論其發源，《古蘭經》現實上是一部敘利亞-亞拉姆語星期書，充滿了引自《聖經》的讚美詩和抄寫，多是被用於基督教的宗教運動 翻譯社再者，《古蘭經》起初是被作為以阿拉伯語將《聖經》的內容宣揚給麥加的基督徒而入手下手的，本來 翻譯《古蘭經》並不是那麼的和後來在麥地那被改動後的那麼與社會政治相幹 翻譯社在一起頭時《古蘭經》並沒有被視為是一個新宗教的根本，它是以對於《聖經》的崇奉作為前提，並是以被傳佈入阿拉伯社會罷了。

A：一最先我便著手進行“同步式”閱讀，也就是說，我同時用阿拉伯語和亞拉姆語來解讀經文 翻譯社多虧有這麼做，我很快就發現了亞拉姆語對《古蘭經》超乎想像 翻譯說話影響：事實上，現在以“古阿拉伯語”寫成 翻譯大部份段落其實本來都應當是亞拉姆語。

Q：請告訴我們你是若何繼續的。

Q. - Professor, why did you think it useful to conduct this re-reading of the Koran?

Q：所以，在穆罕默德時期，阿拉伯語還沒有被切確的規範化，也沒有成長出版面用語。那麼《古蘭經》事實是怎麼寫成 翻譯呢？

A：不盡然 翻譯社確切，在基督教傳統裡，腰帶經常被與貞操聯繫在一起：例如瑪麗亞就老是被描畫成在腰間綁著一條腰帶的形象。但憑據福音書，在最後的晚餐的時候，基督也是在腰上繫著圍裙來為門徒洗腳 翻譯社在基督教崇奉裡有良多雷同 翻譯情節。

Q. - Tell us how you proceeded.

現今的大眾或多或少都會知道亞拉姆語曾在古代中東 翻譯大部分區域廣為流行這個常識，固然這都要歸功於梅爾・吉勃遜的那部全程採用亞拉姆語 翻譯電影《受難記：最後的豪情》。

This is a promising beginning for many reasons. Gerd-Rüdiger Puin, a professor at Saarland University in Germany and another Koran scholar on the philological level 翻譯公司 maintains that this type of approach to Islam´s holy book can help to defeat its fundamentalist and Manichean readings, and to bring into a better light its ties with Judaism and Christianity.

Q. - Let´s come to the misunderstandings. One of the most glaring errors you cite is that of the virgins promised, in the Islamic paradise, to the suicide bombers.

Q：你 翻譯意思是，不懂敘利亞-亞拉姆語 翻譯人就沒法准確的翻譯息爭釋《古蘭經》了？

A. - "Not exactly. It is true that 翻譯公司 in the Christian tradition, the belt is associated with chastity: Mary is depicted with a belt fastened around her waist. But in the gospel account of the Last Supper, Christ also ties an apron around his waist before washing the Apostles´ feet. There are clearly many parallels with the Christian faith."

A. - "Because, in the Koran, there are many obscure points that, from the beginning 翻譯公司 even the Arab commentators were not able to explain. Of these passages it is said that only God can comprehend them. Western research on the Koran, which has been conducted in a systematic manner only since about the middle of the 19th century 翻譯公司 has always taken as its base the commentaries of the Arab scholars. But these have never gone beyond the etymological explanation of some terms of foreign origin."

A. - "I began from the idea that the language of the Koran must be studied from an historical-linguistic point of view. When the Koran was composed, Arabic did not exist as a written language; thus it seemed evident to me that it was necessary to take into consideration, above all 翻譯公司 Aramaic, which at the time 翻譯公司 between the 4th and 7th centuries, was not only the language of written communication, but also the lingua franca of that area of Western Asia."

Q：但你仍然用了化名。

出於很多緣由，這實際上是一個潛力無限的測驗考試。正如德國薩爾蘭大學的德爾格・呂迪格爾・普恩和其他《古蘭經》學者就認為，這類從說話學 翻譯角度去理解伊斯蘭教的聖書，是一種遠比原教旨主義和摩尼式讀法都還更好，並且也更可以或許揭露其與猶太教和基督教之聯系關系的體例 翻譯社

Q. - But you still preferred to use a pseudonym.

Q：順路一提，請問你對伊斯蘭教的面紗有什麼觀點？

A：讓我們先從單詞“huri”入手下手說起，阿拉伯評論家對這個單詞沒有找到其它除天國 翻譯童貞以外的寄義。但若是瞭解敘利亞-亞拉姆語，那麼就發現這個單詞的意思實際上是“白葡萄”，這是基督教天國裡的常見象徵元素之一，在耶穌的最後晚飯上也有被提及 翻譯社在另一段《古蘭經》段落裡它又被曲解為天國的“兒童”或是“年青人”，但在亞拉姆語裡，它指的是葡萄樹 翻譯果實，相當於《古蘭經》裡所提到的珍珠。與這類關於天堂的象徵一樣，這些誤解極可能與《古蘭經》評論及釋義中的男性壟斷現象脫不了關係。

A. - "At that time 翻譯公司 there were no Arab schools - except, perhaps, for the Christian centers of al-Anbar and al-Hira, in southern Mesopotamia, or what is now Iraq. The Arabs of that region had been Christianized and instructed by Syrian Christians. Their liturgical language was Syro-Aramaic. And this was the vehicle of their culture 翻譯公司 and more generally the language of written communication."

Q：既然如斯，那你怎麼看待對於人們一向以來所認為的，《古蘭經》是第一部以阿拉伯語寫成的作品的觀念？