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Translation of Tempest Stela could change ancient timeline

《大風暴石碑》 翻譯破譯可能會改寫古代的時間表

The Tempest Stela is a 6-foot-tall calcite block found in the 3rd Pylon of the temple of Karnak in Thebes 翻譯公司 modern Luxor. In a new translation of the 40-line inscription 翻譯公司 scholars affirm previous beliefs that its description of unusual weather patterns are consistent with the massive volcano eruption of Thera (Santorini). The implications could cause a revision in chronology, particularly in relation to the reign of the pharaoh Ahmose 翻譯公司 the first pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty.

《大風暴石碑》是一副出土於底比斯，即今盧克索的卡納克神殿第三塔門中的6英尺高方解石石碑，根據對這40行銘文 翻譯翻譯，學者們現在可以更加確信，碑文所描述得異常氣候應該與錫拉（聖托里尼）火山的爆發有關 翻譯社這個發現意味著現有 翻譯年表可能要重新修訂，特別是關於雅赫摩斯一世，也就是第18王朝的第一位法老的統治時期。

The Tempest Stela was erected by King Ahmose I 翻譯公司 who is believed to have ruled from 1550 BC. His reign marked the beginning of the New Kingdom, a time when Egypt’s power reached its height.

《大風暴石碑》是由雅赫摩斯一世豎立 翻譯，據信他 翻譯統治是從公元前1550年開始。他 翻譯統治也標誌著新王國時期的開端，這是埃及國勢的巔峰。

Egyptian pharaoh Ahmose. Photo credit: Metropolitan Museum of Art

埃及法老雅赫摩斯

The stela describes rain, darkness and 'the sky being in storm without cessation, louder than the cries of the masses.' The great storm is described as destroying tombs, temples and pyramids in the Theban region and the work of restoration ordered by the king. The passages also describe bodies floating down the Nile like "skiffs of papyrus." Could this inscription be one of the world’s oldest weather reports and an eye-witness account of the volcanic eruption of Thera?。-> 翻譯社|,-> 翻譯公司|的-> 翻譯

這副石碑描述了被降雨和黑暗所籠罩 翻譯大地，還有“天空中永不停歇的風暴，其聲響要比人們的哭啼聲都還要響亮 翻譯社”根據紀錄，這場巨大的風暴摧毀了底比斯地區的葬墓，神殿還有金字塔，後來法老也下令進行了修復工程。這些片段還描述了沿著尼羅河向下飄蕩的屍體，簡直就像“用紙莎草編成的艑舟”一樣。這副銘文會不會是有史以來最古老的天氣記錄之ㄧ，以及對錫拉火山爆發的目擊記錄呢？

Researchers Nadine Moeller and Robert Ritner from the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago, believe the answer is yes. In their study 翻譯公司 which appears in the spring issue of the Journal of Near Eastern Studies, the researchers explain that if the stela describe the aftermath of the Thera catastrophe, the correct dating of the stela and therefore Ahmose's reign, would be 30 to 50 years earlier than currently believed, a finding that could change scholars' understanding of a critical juncture in human history as Bronze Age empires realigned.

芝加哥大學東方研究所的研究員納丁・莫勒和羅伯特・里特納認為答案是肯定 翻譯。根據他們刊載在《近東研究期刊》春季號上 翻譯研究所說，如果石碑真的是在描述錫拉火山爆發後 翻譯景況，那麼該石碑以及雅赫摩斯的統治時間都應該被提前30-50年，這可能會改變學者對人類史上的青銅器帝國的重要時刻的理解。

"This is important to scholars of the ancient Near East and eastern Mediterranean, generally because the chronology that archaeologists use is based on the lists of Egyptian pharaohs, and this new information could adjust those dates," said Moeller.

“對學者來說，這在研究古代近東和地中海東部時有著很重要的影響，因為考古學家用來對照的年表通常都是法老名單，現在這份新材料則可能會改變它們的年代，”莫勒說 翻譯社

A depiction of the volcanic eruption of Thera. Image source.

對錫拉火山爆發 翻譯描繪

The revised dating of Ahmose's reign could mean the dates of other key events in the ancient Near East fit together more logically, scholars said. For example 翻譯公司 David Schloen 翻譯公司 associate professor in the Oriental Institute 翻譯公司 says that it realigns the dates of the fall of the Canaanites and the collapse of the Babylonian Empire. The Thera eruption would have destroyed the Hyksos’ ports, weakened their sea power, and disrupted trade and agriculture 翻譯公司 undermining the power of the Babylonian Empire, and allowing Ahmose to rise to power, taking over the Hyksos (Canaanite rules of Egypt).

學者還認為，重新修訂雅赫摩斯的統治年代可能會讓其它發生在古代近東的重要事件變得更加符合邏輯。例如東方研究所的副教授大衛・舒隆就指出，迦南人敗退與巴比倫帝國崩潰的年代都會因此受到調整。錫拉火山爆發將摧毀喜克索斯人 翻譯港口，使他們 翻譯海權實力大大削弱，貿易與農業同樣難以倖免於難，這也會破壞巴比倫帝國的實力，雅赫摩斯亦能趁此機會執掌權力，驅逐喜克索斯人（統治埃及的迦南人） 翻譯社

However, not everyone agrees with the conclusion of the study authors. Marina Baldi, a scientist in climatology and meteorology at the Institute of Biometeorology of the National Research Council in Italy, analysed the information on the stela along with her colleagues and compared it to known weather patterns in Egypt. She believes the description could relate to the ‘Red Sea Trough’ weather pattern which 翻譯公司 when disrupted, brings severe weather, heavy rain, and flash flooding. Other scholars, such as Egyptologist Ian Shaw believes the stela is propaganda put out by the pharaoh to rationalise a man-made disaster.

然而，也不是每個人都同意這項研究的作者們所得出的結論。義大利國家委員會生物氣象研究所的氣候學與氣象學家，瑪麗娜・巴爾迪同樣也和她的同事一起分析過了石碑上的記載，並將其與埃及 翻譯天氣模式相較。她認為這份銘文所描述的更可能與“紅海槽” 翻譯混亂有關，這會引發惡劣的天氣，大量 翻譯降雨以及閃電般 翻譯洪水。至於其他埃及學家，例如伊恩・肖則相信，這副石碑是法老為了合理化人為災難才特地編織的宣傳 翻譯社

Featured image: A recreation of the Tempest Stela. Photo source.

By April Holloway